Are Men More Polite Than Women? Deconstruct the Politeness Strategy in Disagreement Statements
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15642/NOBEL.2024.15.1.35-49Keywords:
pragmatics, politeness strategy, language and gender, debateAbstract
This research aims to find out the politeness strategies used by the participants for stating the disagreement and to disclose the stereotypes about women being more polite than men or not. The data source for this research was obtained from the disagreement statements performed by female and male participants in one of the Vice Debates’ episodes entitled Parents, Teachers & Students Debate the US Education System. The qualitative method was used to describe the differences in politeness strategies performed by women and men participants. This research found 37 politeness strategies used by all participants. Men participants produced 24 disagreement statements which contained 3 types of politeness strategies, which are bald-on record, positive politeness, and negative politeness. Positive politeness became the highest strategy used by men participants, it convinced the stereotype that men do not use an emotional approach when responding to the interlocutor is not necessarily true. On the contrary, female participants only delivered 13 disagreement statements but used all of the politeness strategies, which are bald-on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record. Negative politeness became the highest type and it reassures women do not always use long-winded talk when stating the disagreement.
Downloads
References
Aini, N., Djatmika, D., Sumarlam, S., & Kristina, D. (2023). Hedge markers: A study of politeness and gender in media interaction. International Journal of Society Culture and Language, Online First, 11(3), 226-241. https://doi.org/10.22034/ijscl.2023.2002556.3035
Alrabee’, B., Alshbeekat, A. A., & Jahamah, A. H. (2023). Use of polite request forms by Jordanian children: Do age and gender have an impact? Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 13(3), 673–682. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1303.16
Brocca, N., Nuzzo, E., Velásquez, D. C., & Rudigier, M. (2023). Linguistic politeness across Austria and Italy: Backing out of an invitation with an instant message. Journal of Pragmatics, 209, 56–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2023.02.018
Brown, P. (1980). How and why are women more polite: Some evidence from a Mayan community. In S. McConnell-Ginet, R. Borker, and F. Furman (Eds), Women and language in literature and society (pp. 111–136). Preager Publishers.
Brown, P. (1993). Gender, politeness, and confrontation in Tenejapa. In D. Tannen (Ed.), Gender and conversational interaction (123-141). Oxford University Press.
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge University Press.
Coates, J. (2013). Women, men and language: A sociolinguistic account of gender differences in language (3rd ed). Routledge.
Elyas, T., AlShurafa, N., Aldakheel, F., & Alrawi, M. (2022). Politeness and gender in a Saudi TV Show. International Journal of Linguistics and Translation Studies, 3(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlts.v3i2.223
Foley, W. A. (2020). Anthropological linguistics. In C. A. Chapelle (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of applied linguistics (1st ed., pp. 1–6). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0031.pub2
Fraser, B. (1990). Perspectives on politeness. Journal of Pragmatics, 14(2), 219–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(90)90081-N.
Gu, L. (2013). Language and gender: Differences and similarities. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Advances in Social Science, Humanities, and Management, 247-250. https://doi.org/10.2991/asshm-13.2013.46
Hinck, R. S., Hinck, E. A., Hinck, S. S., & Dailey, W. O. (2024). Gender, politeness, and the 2020 democratic presidential primary debates. Western Journal of Communication, 88(2), 328-351. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2023.2222090
Holmes, J. (1995). Women, men and politeness (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315845722
House, J. (2012). Pragmatics of lingua franca interaction. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0941
Jinyu, D. (2014). Study on gender differences in language under the sociolinguistics. Canadian Social Science, 10(3), 92-96. https://www.acesin.letras.ufrj.br/uploads/2/7/1/1/27113691/study_on_gender_dfferences.pdf
Lakoff, R. (1975). Language and woman’s place. Harper & Row.
Masruddin, M., Amir, F., Langaji, A., & Rusdiansyah, R. (2023). Conceptualizing linguistic politeness in light of age. International Journal of Society, Culture and Language, Online First, 11(3), 41-55. https://doi.org/10.22034/ijscl.2023.2001556.3018
Mills, S. (2003). Gender and politeness. Cambridge University Press.
Rahayuningsih, D., Saleh, M., & Fitriati, S. W. (2020). The realization of politeness strategies in EFL teacher-students classroom interaction. English Education Journal, 10(1), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.15294/eej.v10i1.33822
Rosyidah, R. H. (2021). Politeness as a strategy of attack in presidential debate in Indonesia 2019. JETLe (Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning), 3(1), 40–48. https://doi.org/10.18860/jetle.v3i1.13456
Slman, H. S., & Betti, D. M. J. (2020). Politeness and face threatening acts in Iraqi EFL learners’ conversations. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics, 3(8), 221-233.
Torres, J. (2020). Politeness strategies vis-à-vis genders and exposures to western culture: The case of ‘The voice of the Philippines’ coaches. International Journal of Linguistics and Translation Studies, 1(3), 100–117. https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlts.v1i3.1
Wijayanti, F. I., Djatmika, D., Sumarlam, S., & Sawardi, FX. (2022). Portraying leader characters through speech acts and politeness strategies in job interview: A gender perspective. International Journal of Society Culture and Language, 10(1), 41-57. https://doi.org/10.22034/ijscl.2022.549337.2549
Yan, C. (2016). A contrastive pragmatic study of politeness strategies in disagreement between native speakers of English and Chinese EFL learners. Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics, 39(2), 231-248. https://doi.org/10.1515/cjal-2016-0015
Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics (Vol. 1st). Oxford University Press.
Yule, G. (2018). Pragmatik (I. F. Wahyuni, Trans.; 1–3). Pustaka Pelajar.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 NOBEL: Journal of Literature and Language Teaching
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
